Orphan receptor

ABSTRACT

This invention provides an isolated receptor having the amino acid sequence of FIG.  1  (SEQ ID NO:2) or substantially the same amino acid sequence as the amino acid sequence shown in FIG.  1  (SEQ ID NO:2) or an amino acid sequence functionally similar to that sequence, and DNA sequences encoding such a receptor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a Continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/776,844 filed Jun. 24, 1997.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] This invention relates to cellular nuclear receptors.

[0004] 2. Brief Description of the Art

[0005] A large family of nuclear receptors has been identified which confer cells with responsiveness to molecules such as retinoic acid, vitamin D3, steroid hormones and thyroid hormones. Extensive studies have shown that the members of this superfamily of nuclear receptors activate and/or repress gene transcription through direct binding to discrete cis- acting elements termed “hormone response elements” (HRE). In has been shown that these HRE's comprise repeats of consensus palindromic hexanucleotide DNA motifs. The specificity of the HRE's is determined by the orientation of, and spacing between, halfsites (i.e. half a palindromic sequence)(Umenesono K., et al, 1991 Cell 65, 1255-1266).

[0006] Specific DNA binding is mediated by a distinct DNA binding domain, containing two zinc fingers, which is conserved among all thus discovered nuclear receptors. hree amino acids at the C-terminal base of the first zinc finger (known as the “P-box”) are important for the recognition of the half site nucleotide sequence. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily have been classified into different groups on the basis of an amino acid sequence within the P box.

[0007] Molecules thought to be nuclear receptors, as they are structurally related to characterized receptors, but for which no ligand has been identified are termed “orphan receptors”. Many such orphan receptors have been identified (see for example Evans R.M, (1988) Science 240,889-895 and O'Malley, B. (1990) Mol Endocrino. 4 363-369).

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a novel nuclear receptor, hereinafter terms “OR-1”, having the amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) or substantially the same amino acid sequence as the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) or an amino acid sequence functionally similar to that sequence.

[0009] An amino acid sequence which is more than about 90%, preferably more than 95%, identical with the sequence shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) is substantially the same amino acid sequence for the purposes of the present application.

[0010] According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a DNA sequence encoding a nuclear receptor according to the first aspect of the invention. Preferably, the DNA sequence is that given in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or is a DNA sequence encoding a protein or polypeptide having the functionality of OR-1.

[0011] The nuclear receptor of the invention has a similar P-box configuration to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and can be placed in the same subfamily as those receptors.

[0012] Preferably, the receptor heterodimerizes with RXR to form a complex.

[0013] Preferably, the receptor interacts with RXR and binds to a DNA sequence comprising at least one repeat of the DNA sequence AGGTCA (SEQ ID NO:10). Preferably the sequence is AGTCAGGTCACTCGAGGTCAGTCA (SEQ ID NO:11)

[0014] Preferably, the receptor modulates 9-cis retinoic acid signalling.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] The nuclear receptor of the invention, OR-1, and its method of production will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings FIGS. 1-5, in which:

[0016]FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequence of a nuclear receptor of the invention (SEQ ID NO:2);

[0017]FIGS. 2A and 2B show the DNA sequence of a nuclear receptor of the invention (SEQ ID NO:1);

[0018]FIG. 3 gives a comparison between the primary amino acid sequences of the nuclear receptor of the invention and those of other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily;

[0019]FIG. 4 Localization of OR-1 mRNA—producing cells in rat tissues with in situ hybridization;

[0020]FIG. 5A gives the DNA sequences of seven potential HRE's DR-0-DR-6;

[0021]FIG. 5B illustrates the interaction between OR-1 or the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the potential HRE's, DR-2 and DR4; and

[0022]FIG. 6 illustrates experiments showing that OR-1 confers 9-cis retinoic acid-responsiveness of RXR on a DR-4-containing promoter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] Cloning and Expression of OR-1

[0024] Rat OR-1 was cloned from a cDNA library from Sprague Dawley rat liver in the commercially-available λZAP vector (Stratagene, USA) using the techniques described in Gottlicher, M. et al (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 4653-4657.

[0025] Foetal and adult rat tissues were excised after decapitation and frozen on dry ice. Cryostat sections were hybridized to 48-mer oligonucleotides complementary to OR-1 mRNA positions 100-151 and 850-900 as described in Dagerlind, A et al (1992) Histochemistry 98 34-49.

[0026] Several unrelated oligonucleotides were also used as controls. The addition of 100 fold of the respective nonlabelled control oligonucleotide abolished all labelling observed with the OR-1 probes.

[0027] Plasmids

[0028] OR-1 cDNA was subcloned as a Eco RI fragment in pGEM-3Z (Promega) to produce the plasmid pROR-1-Sp6, or in the multiple cloning site of pCMV5 (described in Andersson, S. et al 1989 J. Biol. Chem., 264, 8222-8229) to produce the plasmid pCMV-OR-1. The reporter construct pDR4-AF contains a SphI-Xho I fragment of the cDNA for a secreted form of human PAP (placental alkaline phosphatase) described in (Berger, J. et al. 1998 Gene 66,1-10) under the control of a DR4-TK-containing promoter, pRRXR-T7 and pCMV-RXR described previously in Gearing, K. L. et al 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 90, 1440-1444.

[0029] DNA Binding Studies

[0030] Gel shifts were performed using in vitro-translated OR-1 and RXR with the commercially-available TNT™-coupled reticulocyte lysate system (Promega, Madison USA). Proteins were incubated on ice for 15 min with 4μg of poly (dI-dC) and with unlabelled competitor DNA where indicated in a solution comprising 100 mM KCI; 10 mM Hepes,pH7.6; 1 mM dithiothreitol; 1 mM EDTA; 10% (wt./vol) glycerol, before addition of 0.5 ng of a ³²P-end labelled oligonucleotide probe. The reaction mixtures were incubated for a further 10 min at 22° C. before electrophoresis at 200 V and 4° C. in pre-run 4% polyacryliamide/0.25 TBE (0.089 m tris-borate pH 8.3, 0.025 EDTA) gels.

[0031] The following oligonucleotides and their complements were used as probes: DRO AGCTTCAGGTCAAGGTCAGGTTCA (SEQ ID NO:3) DR1 AGCTTAGGTCACCAGGTCAGTTCA (SEQ ID NO:4) DR2 AGCTTAGGTCACCAGGTCAGTTCA (SEQ ID NO:5) DR3 AGTCAGGTCACTCGAGGTCAGTCA (SEQ ID NO:6) DR4 AGTCAGGTCACTCGAGGTCAGTCA (SEQ ID NO:7) DR5 AGTCAGGTCACTCGTAGGTCAGTCA (SEQ ID NO:8) DR6 AGTCAGGTCACTCGTTAGGTCAGTCA (SEQ ID NO:9)

[0032] Cells and Transfection

[0033] Embryonal carcinoma P 19 EC cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, nonessential amino acids, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 mg/ml). Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were cultured in Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 mg/ml). Cells were plated in duplicate in 35 mm Petri dishes and transfected at 30% confluency, using lipofectin reagent (Bethesada Research Laboratories, USA) according to the recommendations of the supplier. After 12 hours the medium was changed and supplemented or not supplemented as the case may be with 100 nM 9-cis retinoic acid (a gift of Hoffman-LaRoche) as indicated, and incubated for an additional 36 h. Cell culture supernatants were then heated to 65° C. for 30 min. PAP activity was determined as the increase in A₄₀₅ at 30° C. in a 1 ml reaction mixture containing 0.75 ml of supernatant, 200 nM Tris (pH8.8), 275 nM NaCl, 0.5 mM MgCl₂, and 5 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate.

[0034] Transfections were repeated 6 times with different plasmid preparations and data from a representative experiment is presented here.

[0035] Results

[0036] The OR-1 clone spans 1940 bp including a 55 bp long poly-A tail and contains an open reading frame starting with an ATG corresponding to a protein of 446 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 50 kD. The complete amino acid and nucleotide sequences of OR-1 are given in FIG. 1 and FIGS. 2A and 2B (SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:1) respectively. OR-1 shows no striking homology to known members of the nuclear receptors superfamily: the highest homologies represent less than 10% in the N-terminal domain, about 50% in the DNA binding domain, and between 20-30% in the putative ligand binding domain as shown in FIG. 3.

[0037] The amino-terminal domain of OR-1 (underlined in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1)) is 77 amino acids long and to a large extent comprises a so-called “PEST” sequence, meaning that it is an amino acid sequence rich in proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, and aspartic acid residues.

[0038] The DNA binding domain consists of 68 amino acids including the nine invariable cysteines characteristic of the members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, as well as other amino acids that are found to be conserved in all members of this protein family.

[0039] Genomic Cloning

[0040] A rat genomic fragment has been isolated, that spans the DNA binding domain or OR1 and all the exons downstream of it. Most nuclear receptors for which the genomic structure has been determined have the two zinc “fingers” of the DNA binding domain encoded on separate exons. We have shown that the whole DNA-binding domain is encoded by one exon in OR1. We have furthermore shown that this is also the case with RLD-1 (Mol. Endocrinol. infra), a closely related receptor “knock-out” mice of OR1 and RLD-1.

[0041] Tissue Distribution of OR-1

[0042] To analyse the tissue distribution of OR-1 transcripts, in situ hybridizations were performed on foetal and adult rat tissues. Labelling for OR-1 was found in several tissues of both foetal and adult rats. As discussed, below, prominent expression was observed in liver, lung, thymus, brown fat, salivary gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland and retina whereas moderate levels were seen in developing cerebrum and cerebellum, in perichondrium around developing bones, heart and skin. Low levels of OR-1 mRNA was present in skeletal muscle as shown in FIG. 4. In adult rats, strong labelling was found in lymph node, prostate, adrenal cortex and the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. Moderate levels were seen in liver, testis, salivary gland, thyroid and parathyroid gland, adrenal medulla, anterior pituitary and kidney. In the brain, a moderate signal was observed in neurons in the granular cell layer of the cerebellum and hippocampus.

[0043] 1) Immune System

[0044] Prominent expression of OR-1 mRNA was seen in the cortex of the thymus with lower levels in the medulla. In dipped sections grains were seen over most of the thymocytes in the cortex. Significant expression was also seen in the lymph nodes, whereas low levels were observed in spleen. Some cells in the bone marrow expressed OR-1 mRNA.

[0045] 2) Endocrine System

[0046] Significant expression of OR-1 was seen in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary. In dipped sections grains could be seen over most of the cells in the intermediate lobe and over the majority of the cells in the anterior lobe. The posterior lobe appeared virtually nonlabelled. Prominent expression of OR-1 was detected in the parathyroid glands where most of the cells expressed OR-1 mRNA. In the thyroid gland moderate expression was observed and OR-1 mRNA was heterogenously distributed in different cell types. Most of the parafollicular cells expressed OR-1, whereas only part of the follicular cells were labelled. High expression in the adrenal gland was observed in all layers of the cortex, whereas lower levels were seen in the medulla. Expression of OR-1 was slightly higher in the zona glomerulosa than in the rest of the cortex. In the adrenal medulla the labelling was hererogenous and part of the chromaffin cells and ganglion cells expressed OR-1. In pineal gland some cells ontained OR-1 mRNA.

[0047] 3) Reproductive System

[0048] OR-1 could be detected both in male and female genital organs. In the testis OR-1 mRNA was present in all cross-sections of the seminiferous tubules. The labelling localizes to the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium and grains could be seen mainly over primary spermatocytes, whereas spermatogonia and germ cells at later developmental stages were non-labelled. The Sertoli cells and Leydig cells did not express OR-1 mRNA. A strong signal for OR-1 was evident in the epithelium of the prostate gland and also in the epididymis, whereas low levels were seen in the epithelium of the vesicula seminalis. In the ovary oocytes at different states of development expressed OR-1 mRNA while other cells appeared non-labelled. In the uterus the epithelium was strongly labelled and lower levels of OR-1 mRNA were seen in the myometrium.

[0049] 4) Urinary System

[0050] Moderate expression of OR-1 could be detected in the outer medulla of the kidney, whereas in the cortex and inner medulla the labelling was very low or nondetectable. In dipped sections grains were seen over different parts of the loop of Henle. The glomeruli, proximal and distal convoluted tubules and collection tubules did not express OR-1 at detectable levels. The transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis expressed OR-1.

[0051] 5) Digestive System

[0052] In salivary glands the secretory acini and the ducts expressed moderate levels of OR-1 mRNA. In the liver OR-1 mRNA was evenly distributed throughout the liver and most, if not all, hepatocytes were labelled. In the intestinal tract OR-1 was expressed in the epithelium of stomach and small and large intestine.

[0053] 6) Nervous System

[0054] Significant expression of OR-1 was seen in the sympathetic and sensory ganglia. In superior cervical ganglion most of the sympatetic neurons] expressed OR-1 at high level and also the satellite cells were labelled. In dorsal root ganglion the labelling was heterogenous and varied between individual neurons. The Schwan cells of peripheral nerves expressed OR-1 whereas oligodendrocytes in optic nerve were nonlabelled. In the retina the bipolar cells expressed OR-1. In the central nervous system OR-1 mRNA was seen in several areas including hippocampus and cerebellum.

[0055] 7) Respiratory System

[0056] Moderate expression of OR-1 was seen in the bronchial epithelium and in the alveoli.

[0057] 8) Other Tissues

[0058] Low or non-detectable levels of OR-1 were seen in sketal muscle and hear. Also in white adipose tissue OR-1 expression was below the detection limit.

[0059] In the skin a clear signal was observed in keratinocytes in the basal part of the epidermis. A strong signal was seen in perichondrium around the cartilage in trachea. Low expression of OR-1 could be seen in intra and extraorbital lacrimal glands.

[0060] The expression of OR-1 thus appears to be ubiquitous, suggesting that this receptor might have a house keeping function and/or mediate many effects by regulating the transcriptor of various genes. The tissue distribution or OR-1 is different from the tissue distribution of RLD-1 (Mol Endocrinol 9, 72-85, 1995) suggesting that these two isoforms might have different functions. OR-1 is particularly well expressed in tissues involved in the immune system. It has been described that 9-cis retinoic acid plays a role in thymocyte development, being a potent negative regulator of activation-induced T-cell apoptosis. Since OR-1 dimerizes with RXR and is expressed at a high level in the thymus during the fetal stages, it may play a role in regulating T-cells development. OR-1 is also well expressed in peripheral endocrine glands, in male and female genital organs and in the nervous system. The tissue distribution of OR-1 is thus different from that of RXRα which has been described to be noticeably abundant in visceral tissues such as liver, kidney, lung, brain, heart, intestine and testis. We previously suggested that OR-1 could act as a helper of RXRα in mediating the effects of 0-cis retinoic acid. Nevertheless we do not know whether OR-1 could also act as a monomer, as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with another protein thatn RXRα. For example, it is possible that OR-1 modulates the actions of RXRβ that shows a diffuse and probably ubiouitous expression, and of RXRγ which has a more specific distribution.

[0061] OR-1 Interacts with RXR on a DR4 Motif in Vitro

[0062] A set of potential RE's, DR0-DR6, having the DNA sequences described above predicted by the 3-4-5 rule (Umensono et al supra) was synthesized and assayed in gel shift experiments using in vitro translated OR-1 alone or in combination with RXR also translated in vitro. In vitro translation of OR-1 produced a protein of the predicted size of 50 kD. In the gel shift assays, OR-1 was unable to bind to any of the potential HRE's but OR-1 combined with RXR, recognized the potential HRE DR4 which is usually described as the thyroid hormone response element (TRE)(Umensono et al supra).

[0063]FIG. 5B shows that although OR-1 or RXR alone was not able to bind to DR4, together these proteins were able to form a specific complex with this DNA element. The appearance of this complex depends on the presence of RXR and is inhibited by a 10-fold excess of the specific DNA target element, but not by a 100-fold excess of an unrelated DNA element—see FIG. 5B, lane 7)

[0064] OR-1 Confers 9-CIS Retinoic Acid Responsiveness of RXR on a DR4-Containing Promoter

[0065] Since OR-1 and RXR formed a specific complex on the DR4 sequence in vitro, coexpression of OR-1 in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells that express endogenous RXR was tested to determine whether it could affect the activity of a reporter gene under the control of a DR4-containing promoter. RXR has been shown to be an auxiliary receptor for several classes of hormone receptors, controlling the ligand responses of receptors that form herterodimers with RXR (Yu, V. C. et al 1991 Cell67, 251-1266 and Bugge, T. H. et al 1992 EMBO J. 11, 1409-1418). In addition, it has been shown that 9-cis retinoic acid leads to effective RXR homodimer formation and that these homodimers bind and activate several retinoic acid response elements (:RARE's″), but not natural thyroid hormone response element (Zhang, X. K. et al 1993, J Biol Chem.268, 3825-3828) our transfection studies showed no induction by 9-cis retinoic acid of RXR on a reporter containing DR4 (FIG. 5). Expression o OR-1 allowed activation of RXR by 9-cis retinoic acid on a DR4-containing promoter. In CHO cells that do not express endogenous RXR at as high a level as EC cells, cotransfection of RXR together with OR-1 is necessary to obtain induction by 9-cis retinoic acid. Thus acting as a helper of RXR, OR-1 appears to confer 9-cis retinoic acid signalling on DR4-containing promoters.

1 11 1934 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA 1 CAAGTGCTGT GGAGGAGCAA TCACCGGTGC GGACACAGAG CTCCCGCCTC CCACAGCCAT 60 TTCCAGGGTA ACGAAGTAGG AGACCCCCTC CTGCGACCCC CTCACGATCG CCGGTGCAGT 120 CATGAGCCCC GCCTCCCCCT GGTGCACGGA GAGGGGCGGG GCCTGGAACG AGGCTGCTTC 180 GTGACCCACT ATGTCTTCCC CCACAAGTTC TCTGGACACT CCCTTGCCTG GGAATGGTTC 240 TCCCCAGCCC AGTACCTCCT CCACTTCACC CACTATTAAG GAGGAGGGAC AGGAGACTGA 300 TCCACCTCCA GGCTCTGAAG GGTCCAGCTC TGCCTACATC GTGGTCATCT TAGAGCCAGA 360 GGATGAACCT GAGCGCAAGC GGAAGAAGGG TCCGGCCCCG AAGATGCTGG GCCATGAGCT 420 GTGCCGCGTG TGCGGGGACA AGGCCTCGGG CTTCCACTAC AATGTGCTCA GTTGTGAAGG 480 CTGCAAAGGC TTCTTCCGGC GTAGCGTGGT CCATGGTGGG GCCGGGCGCT ATGCCTGTCG 540 GGGCAGCGGA ACCTGCCAGA TGGATGCCTT CATGCGGCGC AAGTGCCAGC TCTGCAGACT 600 GCGCAAGTGC AAGGAGGCTG GCATGCGGGA GCAGTGCGTG CTTTCTGAGG AGCAGATTCG 660 GAAGAAAAAG ATTCAGAAGC AGCAACAGCA GCAGCCACCG CCCCCGACTG AGCCAGCATC 720 CGGTAGCTCA GCCCGGCCTG CAGCCTCCCC TGGCACTTCG GAAGCAAGTA GCCAGGGCTC 780 CGGGGAAGGA GAGGGCATCC AGCTGACAGC GGCTCAGGAG CTGATGATCC AACAGTTAGT 840 TGCCGCGCAG CTGCAGTGCA ACAAGCGATC TTTCTCCGAC CAGCCTAAAG TCACGCCCTG 900 GCCCTTGGGT GCAGACCCTC AGTCCCGAGA CGCTCGTCAG CAACGCTTTG CCCACTTCAC 960 TGAGCTAGCC ATCATCTCAG TCCAGGAGAT CGTGGACTTC GCCAAGCAGG TGCCAGGGTT 1020 CCTGCAGCTG GGCCGGGAGG ACCAGATCGC CCTCCTGAAG GCATCCACCA TCGAGATCAT 1080 GTTGCTAGAG ACAGCCAGAC GCTACAACCA CGAGACAGAG TGCATCACGT TCCTGAAGGA 1140 CTTCACCTAC AGCAAGGACG ACTTCCACCG TGCAGGCTTG CAGGTGGAGT TCATCAATCC 1200 CATCTTTGAG TTCTCTCGGG CTATGCGTCG GCTGGGCCTA GACGATGCAG AGTATGCCTT 1260 GCTCATTGCC ATCAACATCT TCTCAGCGGA CCGGCCTAAT GTGCAGGAGC CCAGCCGTGT 1320 GGAGGCTCTG CAGCAGCCCT ATGTGGAGGC CCTCCTCTCC TACACGAGGA TCAAGCGGCC 1380 GCAGGACCAG CTGCGCTTCC CACGAATGCT CATGAAGCTG GTGAGCCTGC GCACCCTCAG 1440 CTCCGTGCAC TCGGAGCAGG TTTTCGCATT GCGTCTCCAG GACAAGAAGC TGCCGCCTTT 1500 GCTGTCCGAG ATCTGGGATG TGCATGAGTA GGGGCCGCCA CAAGTGCCCC AGCCTTGGTG 1560 GTGTCTACTT GCAGATGGAC GCTTCCTTTG CCTTTCCTGG GGTGGGAGGA CACTGTCACA 1620 GCCCAGTCCC CTGGGCTCGG GCTGAGCGAG TGGCAGTTGG CACTAGAAGG TCCCACCCCA 1680 CCCGCTGAGT CTTCCAGGAG TGGTGAGGGT CACAGGCCCT AGCCTCTGAT CTTTACCAGC 1740 TGCCCTTCCT CCCGAGCTTA CACCTCAGCC TACCACACCA TGCACCTTGA GTGGAGAGAG 1800 GTTAGGGCAG GTGGCTCCCC ACAGTTGGGA GACCACAGGC CCCCTCTTCT GCCCCTTTTA 1860 TTTAATAAAA AAATAAAATA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA 1920 AAAAAAAAAA AAAA 1934 446 amino acids amino acid single linear protein 2 Met Ser Ser Pro Thr Ser Ser Leu Asp Thr Pro Leu Pro Gly Asn Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Pro Gln Pro Ser Thr Ser Ser Thr Ser Pro Thr Ile Lys Glu Glu 20 25 30 Gly Gln Glu Thr Asp Pro Pro Pro Gly Ser Glu Gly Ser Ser Ser Ala 35 40 45 Tyr Ile Val Val Ile Leu Glu Pro Glu Asp Glu Pro Glu Arg Lys Arg 50 55 60 Lys Lys Gly Pro Ala Pro Lys Met Leu Gly His Glu Leu Cys Arg Val 65 70 75 80 Cys Gly Asp Lys Ala Ser Gly Phe His Tyr Asn Val Leu Ser Cys Glu 85 90 95 Gly Cys Lys Gly Phe Phe Arg Arg Ser Val Val His Gly Gly Ala Gly 100 105 110 Arg Tyr Ala Cys Arg Gly Ser Gly Thr Cys Gln Met Asp Ala Phe Met 115 120 125 Arg Arg Lys Cys Gln Leu Cys Arg Leu Arg Lys Cys Lys Glu Ala Gly 130 135 140 Met Arg Glu Gln Cys Val Leu Ser Glu Glu Gln Ile Arg Lys Lys Lys 145 150 155 160 Ile Gln Lys Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Pro Pro Pro Pro Thr Glu Pro Ala 165 170 175 Ser Gly Ser Ser Ala Arg Pro Ala Ala Ser Pro Gly Thr Ser Glu Ala 180 185 190 Ser Ser Gln Gly Ser Gly Glu Gly Glu Gly Ile Gln Leu Thr Ala Ala 195 200 205 Gln Glu Leu Met Ile Gln Gln Leu Val Ala Ala Gln Leu Gln Cys Asn 210 215 220 Lys Arg Ser Phe Ser Asp Gln Pro Lys Val Thr Pro Trp Pro Leu Gly 225 230 235 240 Ala Asp Pro Gln Ser Arg Asp Ala Arg Gln Gln Arg Phe Ala His Phe 245 250 255 Thr Glu Leu Ala Ile Ile Ser Val Gln Glu Ile Val Asp Phe Ala Lys 260 265 270 Gln Val Pro Gly Phe Leu Gln Leu Gly Arg Glu Asp Gln Ile Ala Leu 275 280 285 Leu Lys Ala Ser Thr Ile Glu Ile Met Leu Leu Glu Thr Ala Arg Arg 290 295 300 Tyr Asn His Glu Thr Glu Cys Ile Thr Phe Leu Lys Asp Phe Thr Tyr 305 310 315 320 Ser Lys Asp Asp Phe His Arg Ala Gly Leu Gln Val Glu Phe Ile Asn 325 330 335 Pro Ile Phe Glu Phe Ser Arg Ala Met Arg Arg Leu Gly Leu Asp Asp 340 345 350 Ala Glu Tyr Ala Leu Leu Ile Ala Ile Asn Ile Phe Ser Ala Asp Arg 355 360 365 Pro Asn Val Gln Glu Pro Ser Arg Val Glu Ala Leu Gln Gln Pro Tyr 370 375 380 Val Glu Ala Leu Leu Ser Tyr Thr Arg Ile Lys Arg Pro Gln Asp Gln 385 390 395 400 Leu Arg Phe Pro Arg Met Leu Met Lys Leu Val Ser Leu Arg Thr Leu 405 410 415 Ser Ser Val His Ser Glu Gln Val Phe Ala Leu Arg Leu Gln Asp Lys 420 425 430 Lys Leu Pro Pro Leu Leu Ser Glu Ile Trp Asp Val His Glu 435 440 445 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA 3 AGCTTCAGGT CAAGGTCAGG TTCA 24 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA 4 AGCTTCAGGT CACAGGTCAG TTCA 24 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA 5 AGCTTAGGTC ACCAGGTCAG TTCA 24 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA 6 AGTCCAGGTC ACTCAGGTCA GTCA 24 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA 7 AGTCAGGTCA CTCGAGGTCA GTCA 24 25 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA to scRNA 8 AGTCAGGTCA CTCGTAGGTC AGTCA 25 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA 9 AGTCAGGTCA CTCGTTAGGT CAGTCA 26 6 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA 10 AGGTCA 6 24 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA 11 AGTCAGGTCA CTCGAGGTCA GTCA 24 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated nuclear receptor, having the amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 or substantially the same amino acid sequence as the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 1 or an amino acid sequence functionally similar to that sequence.
 2. A receptor according to claim 1 which is derived from rat.
 3. A receptor according to claim 1 or 2 which binds to a DNA sequence comprising at least one repeat of the DNA sequence -AGGTCA-.
 4. A receptor according to claim 3 in which the DNA sequence comprises AGTCAGGTCACTCGAGGTCAGTCA.
 5. A receptor according to any one of claims 1 to 4 which heterodimerizes with RXR to form a complex.
 6. A complex comprising a receptor according to any preceding claim and RXR.
 7. An amino acid sequence encoding a receptor according to claim 1 which is at least 90% identical with the amino acid sequence of FIG.
 1. 8. An amino acid sequence according to claim 7 which is at least 95% identical with the amino acid sequence of FIG.
 1. 9. A DNA sequence encoding a nuclear receptor according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or a functionally similar nuclear receptor.
 10. A DNA sequence according to claim 9 in which the DNA sequence is that given in FIG. 2 or a DNA sequence substantially similar to the sequence.
 11. The use of a nuclear receptor according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or a complex according to claim 6 or a ligand therefor in medicine.
 12. The use of a nuclear receptor according to any one of claims 1 to 5 to modulate retinoic acid signalling in vivo or in vitro. 